WKB advised Everfex P.S.A. and its founders on its acquisition by London Stock Exchange-listed fintech Fiinu Plc. The transaction value amounts to GBP 8 million and may reach up to GBP 12 million subject to certain performance targets being met.
Everfex, known in Poland for its Stały Kurs platform, specialises in currency exchange at agreed rates and in providing currency risk hedging solutions. Serving SME clients, the company has completed transactions worth over USD 1 billion in a short period of time, with its client base growing by 1,300% in 2024.
Fiinu Plc is an innovative fintech whose flagship product, the Plugin Overdraft, enables customers to access an overdraft facility without changing their bank. The acquisition of Everfex is expected to strengthen Fiinu’s position in the European financial services market and marks an important step in implementing its growth strategy across European markets.
The project was led by Jakub Jędrzejak, with the involvement of Magdalena Purol, and Karolina Idziak, with support on certain specific English law issues by Freeths LLP, and on Estonian law issues by Ellex Legal.
WKB Lawyers advised Thames British School Ltd on the sale of 100% of the shares in Thames British School sp. z o.o., together with its subsidiary Meridian Sp. z o.o., to Nelangetill Investments sp. z o.o., part of Dukes Education Group Ltd.
Thames British School sp. z o.o. and Meridian sp. z o.o. operate in the education sector, offering high-quality education and running international nurseries, pre-schools, and schools in Poland, with campuses in Warsaw.
Dukes Education is a leading group of educational institutions based in the United Kingdom with an international presence.
WKB provided comprehensive legal support, including transaction structuring, negotiations, and preparation of the transaction documentation.
WKB lawyers advised WeNet Group S.A. (“WeNet”) on the acquisition of a majority stake in Firmao Polska Sp. z o.o. (“Firmao”), a company that designs, develops and implements customer relationship management (CRM) software.
WKB provided WeNet with comprehensive legal support throughout the entire transaction process, including due diligence, preparation and negotiation of transaction documentation, and closing of the transaction.
Firmao is a company founded in 2010 by Rafał Namieciński and Artur Młodziński, which creates and develops software for small and medium-sized enterprises: for customer service, warehouse management, invoicing, creating offers and orders, and preparing projects and tasks.
WeNet, a portfolio company of the private equity fund Innova Capital, is Poland’s largest entity involved in building the image of small and medium-sized companies on the Internet. With a database of over 70,000 small and medium-sized enterprises, WeNet is the largest online marketing provider in Poland, offering a range of solutions, including website development, online stores, SEO/SEM, as well as a portfolio of its own technology products supporting online image.
We are pleased to share that WKB Lawyers has been shortlisted in several categories of the inaugural Legal 500 Central & Eastern Europe Awards 2025, recognising legal excellence across the CEE region. It’s an honour to stand among the best lawyers and firms in Europe.
CEE-wide nominations:
Anna Flaga – Martynek – shortlisted for Real Estate & Construction Next Generation Partner of the Year Dorota Karczewska – shortlisted for Competition Next Generation Partner of the Year Marta Midloch – shortlisted for Real Estate & Construction Next Generation Partner of the Year Jakub Pokrzywniak PhD – shortlisted for Insurance Lawyer of the Year Bartosz Turno, PhD – shortlisted for Competition Lawyer of the Year Anna Wojciechowska, LL.M. – shortlisted for Commercial, Corporate & M&A Lawyer of the Year WKB Lawyers – shortlisted for Competition Firm of the Year and Insurance Firm of the Year
Poland nominations:
Dorota Karczewska – additionally shortlisted for Poland Lawyer of the Year
We’re proud to see both our teams and individual lawyers recognised at regional and national levels.
WKB Lawyers had the pleasure of advising Fabryka Substancji Zapachowych Pollena-Aroma – a company belonging to the international Turpaz Industries Group – on the acquisition of Carotex Koncentraty Tatrzański Spółka Komandytowa, one of Poland’s leading producers of natural concentrates and aromatic ingredients used in the FMCG industry. The transaction covered both Carotex’s assets and all administrative and legal permits required to operate in the highly regulated FMCG sector.
WKB provided comprehensive legal support at every stage of the process – from conducting due diligence, through the development and implementation of appropriate corporate mechanisms supporting the transaction structure and regulating the principles of continued corporate and business cooperation between the founders of Carotex and Pollena-Aroma, to negotiating and preparing the full set of transaction documentation.
The transaction value was PLN 87.2 million, subject to separate arrangements regarding the put and call options granted to the founders of Carotex in respect of the 22% shares of Pollena-Aroma issued as part of the transaction. The option exercise price is based on Pollena’s EBITDA from the transaction date until the option exercise date.
Pollena-Aroma is a well-established manufacturer of fragrance compositions, flavours, and essential oils, with a strong presence in the European market. The company is part of the Turpaz Industries Group – a fast-growing global player in the fragrance chemicals sector, listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, operating across four continents and delivering innovative scent solutions for the cosmetics, food, and household care industries.
Carotex Koncentraty Tatrzański is a renowned brand with a long-standing presence on both the Polish and international markets, specialising in the production of high-quality natural extracts, concentrates, and functional additives. The company supplies leading food manufacturers in Poland and exports its products to dozens of countries worldwide.
WKB Lawyers advised Affidea Group – a leading pan-European provider of specialized healthcare services – on obtaining new financing from mBank S.A.
The financing will be used to support further growth of NU-MED, a newly acquired Polish group of highly specialized medical centers offering oncological treatment.
HitecVision, a Norwegian private equity fund specialising in renewable energy and energy transition, acquired shares in Polska Grupa Biogazowa (PGB) — a leading biogas producer in Poland. The transaction, valued at overall EUR 190 million, includes both the acquisition of a 50% stake in the existing production assets and potential investments to expand PGB’s production capacity.
This strategic transaction aligns with HiTec Vision’s long-term strategy to strengthen its position in the Polish market while contributing to the development of green energy and decarbonization efforts.
WKB Lawyers acted as local counsel to HiTec Vision, providing comprehensive legal support throughout the entire process — from due diligence, through negotiation of transaction documentation, to filing the concentration notification with the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK).
Advokatfirmaet BAHR AS, a leading Norwegian law firm, acted as the lead legal advisor to HiTec Vision.
The upcoming season will see numerous (for Polish joint stock companies, S.A.). This is a time when companies should not only make sure to perform their corporate duties, but it is also an opportunity for them to assess whether they are in compliance with ever-more complex reporting requirements, in particular in relation to ESG matters. Since a number of new regulations recently entered into force, including those related to the CSRD and ESRS, businesses should take extra care when organising their ASM or AGM this year.
Please find a summary of the most important issues to remember below.
BASICS – OR, THE ANNUAL CHECKLIST:
Financial statements
Confirm if the financial statements were approved by the management board and sent for audit by a statutory auditor (if required).
Check if all of the data are complete and comply with applicable accounting standards (e.g., IFRS or the Act on Accounting).
For capital groups – are the consolidated financial statements ready and synchronised with the data in separate statements?
Management’s report on activities
Check if your company is required to prepare such a report – this depends on, among other things, the company’s SME status.
If your company is a large enterprise, this is an absolute duty. For smaller entities, this will depend on its income and employment levels.
Remember that this report can also include the first mentions of ESG activities, even if a standalone ESG report is not yet formally required.
Management and supervisory boards – terms of office and mandates
Check when the terms of office end for members of the management and supervisory boards.
Confirm if the company has an up-to-date register of the resolutions appointing and dismissing the members of its corporate bodies.
If changes in the membership of corporate bodies are planned – it is worth preparing the relevant resolutions in advance, together with the necessary statements and attachments for the National Court Register.
Will the pay of new members of corporate bodies need to be determined? If so and the company is expected to enter into an agreement with a member of the management board, then a proxy can be appointed during the ASM / AGM to execute this agreement on the company’s behalf.
Resolution on distributing profits or covering losses
Is the planned distribution of profits (or the manner of covering losses) appropriate to the company’s financial situation and complies with the rules on maintaining its share capital?
If there was no profit or a loss was incurred – are remedial actions planned that should be addressed during the meeting?
If the company has adopted a dividend policy – does the resolution comply with this policy?
Supervisory board and audit committee reports (if applicable)
For companies with a supervisory board – this board is required by law to prepare a report assessing the management board’s activities and the financial statements, as well as a report on the supervisory board’s activities.
For public companies – this report must also include an assessment of the company’s internal control, risk management, and internal audit functions.
Where an audit committee is appointed – it is worth confirming if the committee’s report is consistent with the supervisory board’s assessment and if it was formally adopted.
Expenditure report of State-owned companies
The management boards of state-owned companies must prepare a report on representation expenses, as well as expenditures on legal, marketing, public relations and social communications, and management consultancy services.
This report is first adopted by the supervisory board and then by the shareholders’ or general meeting.
ESG – NEW DUTIES AND POSSIBLE RISKS:
Since 1 January 2025 and the entry into force of certain amendments to the Act on Accounting, new sustainability reporting standards resulting from the CSRD have begun to apply in Poland. A new Chapter 6a “Sustainability reporting” was added to the Act. Entities subject to the reporting obligations (at present, only the largest listed companies, employing more than 500 people, and that have achieved specific financial thresholds) are required to prepare an ESG report under the new rules. The most significant changes include:
The sustainability report constitutes part of the individual entity’s activity report,
The report should be prepared in accordance with the ESRS,
A double materiality assessment will determine the scope of the report and the precise information subject to reporting,
The report must be verified by a statutory auditor,
The report should be prepared in electronic form with data in the appropriate format, which will be published through the European Single Access Point.
The table below shows when specific entities will start to be subject to the new requirements:
Poniższa tabela prezentuje, które grupy podmiotów podlegać będą nowym obowiązkom:
2025 (report for financial year 2024)
Entities subject to the NFRD
Large publicly listed entities/parent companies of large groups that have (respectively):
> 500 employees AND
> a balance sheet sum of PLN 110 million / PLN 132 million OR
> net income from sales of PLN 220 million / PLN 264 million
2028 (report for financial year 2027)
All other large enterprises and parent companies of large groups satisfying 2 of the 3 following conditions:
> 250 employees
> a blance sheet sum of PLN 110 million
> net income from sales of PLN 220 million
2029 (report for financial year 2028)
Publicly listed SMEs satisfying 2 of the 3 following conditions:
> 10 employees
> a balance sheet sum of PLN 2 million
> net income from sales of PLN 4 million
2029 (report for financial year 2028)
Certain other entities established outside the European Union that satisfy specific statutory conditions.
The “Stop-the-clock” Directive adopted in April this year delayed the implementation of the reporting duty for entities that would have been required to prepare their first sustainability reports in 2025 and 2026. These entities are now required to begin reporting in 2028 and 2029, with their reports for financial years 2027 and 2028, respectively. We also expect further changes to this regime, which are currently being considered at the EU level as part of an omnibus package intended to simplify and limit sustainability reporting obligations. We will keep you informed and up to date on future changes in this regard.
SCHEDULING – DON’T WAIT UNTIL THE LAST SECOND TO PREPARE
May:
Finalise documents.
Confirm that management and supervisory bodies are well prepared.
May–June:
Calling and holding the ASM / AGM.
Shareholder communication.
Submitting documents to the NCR and publishing reports.
SEEKING ASSISTANCE?
Our company law and ESG teams support clients in:
analysing obligations under the CSRD,
preparing corporate documentation,
assessing SME status and consequential reporting requirements,
preparing ESG reports,
updating the policies and by-laws of corporate bodies.
We would also be glad to assist in reviewing your documentation prior to your ASM / AGM.
WKB Lawyers advised Greenvolt Group on two transactions that closed last week:
WKB Lawyers advised Greenvolt Power Group sp. z o.o. (“Greenvolt”) on the sale of Radan Nordwind sp. z o.o., which owns the Pelplin wind farm with a total capacity of 83.2 MW, to Enea Nowa Energia sp. z o.o. for approximately PLN 750 million.
In addition, WKB Lawyers advised Greenvolt on the sale of VRW 11 sp. z o.o., the owner of the hybrid Sompolno project, to Energa Wytwarzanie S.A. As a result of the conclusion of the final share sale agreement, Energa Wytwarzanie became the owner of wind and photovoltaic farms, as well as a ready-to-build 3 MW energy storage facility, with a total combined capacity of approximately 39 MW.
This completed transaction follows the execution of a preliminary agreement signed in June 2023.
WKB Lawyers advised European Energy on the sale of a wind farm portfolio to Enea Nowa Energia valued at PLN 914,8 m.
European Energy and Enea Nowa Energia concluded preliminary share purchase agreements for the sale of companies owning six operating wind farms with a total installed capacity of 83.5 MW and an option to purchase a photovoltaic farm project with a capacity of 25 MW.
European Energy is a Danish renewable energy company that develops, finances, builds, and operates wind and solar farms across Europe and globally. The company is a key player in the transition to green energy, with a strong focus on innovation and sustainability.
Enea Nowa Energia is a subsidiary of the Polish energy group Enea, responsible for investments in renewable energy sources. It plays a vital role in the group’s strategy to expand its RES portfolio and support Poland’s energy transformation.
Johan Göransson, Senior Legal Manager at European Energy, comments: “Grzegorz and the rest of the WKB team were extremely reliable, knowledgeable and affable, making it a pleasure to have their assistance on this important transaction. We look forward to continuing our collaboration with WKB to bring these transactions to a swift conclusion.”
Our congratulations to Enea Nowa Energia, the entire European Energy Team, and to EY Polska (the lead M&A and VDD financial and tax advisor to European Energy).
Legal 500 EMEA 2025 has published its latest rankings: WKB Lawyers has been recognised in 18 practice areas, including five in Tier 1. Our lawyers also received 48 individual recommendations, among them Hall of Fame, Leading Partners, Next Generation Partners and Leading Associates.
Such recognition reflects not only our team’s hard work but also the result of inspiring collaboration with our clients. Their trust, goals, and high expectations challenge us to stay sharp and deliver more every day.
Ranked practice areas:
TOP TIER
• Competition/Antitrust
• Construction
• Energy and Natural Resources
• Insurance
• Public Procurement
TIER 2
• Commercial, Corporate and M&A
• Dispute Resolution
• Employment
• Private Equity
• Restructuring and Insolvency
• TMT
TIER 3
• Banking and Finance
• Capital Markets
• Healthcare and Life Sciences
• Intellectual Property
• Private Client (NEW!)
• Real Estate
Congratulations to all our lawyers and practice groups recognised this year.
Since 1 January 2025, entities submitting applications for their initial entry into the register of entrepreneurs of the National Court Register (“NCR”) are required to include the information necessary to set up an address for electronic delivery of documents in the application. Entities that were entered into the register of entrepreneurs of the NCR before that date are required to set up an address for electronic delivery of documents by 1 April 2025.
The duty to have an e-Delivery address referred to above was introduced by amendments to the Act of 18 November 2020 on electronic delivery of documents (Journal of Laws of 2024, as amended; the “Act”), which provided for means of facilitating correspondence with public bodies by replacing the current system of document service, that is by way of registered mail, with electronic delivery of documents. However, due to some public bodies not being prepared to use the e-Delivery system, the effective date of this duty was delayed several times.
The final deadline for the implementation of the e-Delivery system was set for 1 January 2025. From this date onward, entities submitting applications for their initial entry into the register of entrepreneurs of the NCR are required to provide the information necessary to set up an address for electronic delivery of documents in the application. Entities that were entered into the register of entrepreneurs of the NCR before 1 January 2025 are required to establish such an address within 3 months of the date specified in the announcement, i.e., 1 April 2025.
Entities entered into the register of entrepreneurs of the NCR before 1 January 2025 can set up _rev an e-Delivery address through the public service provider’s website, available at: https://www.gov.pl/web/gov/uzyskaj-adres-do-e-doreczen-u-publicznego-dostawcy-uslugi-e-doreczen. The application to set up an e-Delivery address must be signed electronically by the persons authorised to represent the entity or an agent or proxy. Such an address should then be activated through the entity’s Entrepreneur Account accessed via the government’s portal: https://www.biznes.gov.pl/en. The NCR is then automatically notified of the entity’s e-Delivery address from the Electronic Address Database, without the need to file additional applications.
Entities applying for entry in the register of entrepreneurs of the NCR after 1 January 2025 must include the information necessary to set up an e-Delivery address in the application for registration itself. This address is automatically established once the data is sent to the Ministry of Digitization.
Since setting up an e-Delivery address may take several days, we recommend that all entities entered in the register of entrepreneurs of the NCR submit the necessary applications as soon as possible to ensure that they comply with this requirement on time because failing to have an e-Delivery address may result in the entity not receiving correspondence from public administration authorities.
WKB has once again been recognized in the Chambers Europe 2025 rankings, with distinctions in 10 practice areas, including three at the highest level (Band 1):
🏆 Competition/Antitrust – Band 1
🏆 Energy & Natural Resources – Band 1
🏆 Public Procurement – Band 1
🔹 Environment – Band 2
🔹 Projects & Infrastructure – Band 2
🔹 Restructuring/Insolvency – Band 3
🔹 Banking & Finance – Band 4
🔹 Corporate/M&A: High-end Capability – Band 4
🔹 Employment – Band 4
🔹 Litigation – Band 4
20 of our lawyers have been individually ranked across different categories:
Up and Coming
🔹Klaudia Frątczak-Kospin (Restructuring/Insolvency) (ranked for the first time!)
🔹Natalia Kabacińska (Litigation)
🔹Jarosław Kola PhD (Public Procurement) (ranked for the first time!)
🔹Aleksandra Stępniewska, LL.M, CCEP-I (White-Collar Crime & Corporate Investigations) (ranked for the first time!)
Associates to Watch
🔹Anita Garnuszek PhD (Litigation) (ranked for the first time!)
Rankings are about perspective—what the market, clients, and peers see. And we see one thing clearly: these results wouldn’t be possible without the trust and feedback of our clients. Their challenges push us to grow, their insights shape our thinking, and their trust allows us to deliver the best solutions every day.
FixMap sp. z o.o., a portfolio company of Arcus Infrastructure Partners has acquired a majority interest in Internet Union S.A., a company acting in a telecommunication sector, listed on the NewConnect.
Our congratulations to Piotr Muszyński and the entire FixMap team on another successful acquisition and we wish you continued success.
We are proud to announce that our firm has been nominated for the Chambers Europe Awards 2025—a prestigious recognition awarded to the top law firms in Europe for outstanding achievements, innovation, strategic growth, and excellence in client service.
This nomination is a great honor for us and a testament to the fact that our commitment to the highest standards of legal advisory, combined with our dedication to fostering diversity within our organization and continuous development in key legal market areas, delivers tangible results.
We also extend our congratulations to the other nominees in the Poland Firm of the Year category: Baker McKenzie, Clifford Chance, CMS, DWF Poland, Greenberg Traurig, Rymarz Zdort Maruta, and White & Case.
The winners will be announced on May 29 in Madrid—regardless of the outcome, we are grateful that our work and dedication have been recognized on the European legal stage.
We are pleased to announce that in the latest Chambers Global 2025 ranking, WKB Lawyers has once again been recognized in key categories, reaffirming our strong position both in the Polish market and internationally.
Firm Rankings:
Banking & Finance – Band 4 “The WKB team is excellent, with strong support and expertise at every level. The lawyers show a strong understanding of market realities.”
Corporate/M&A: High-end Capability – Band 4 “The team has solid business acumen. The lawyers have excellent corporate, regulatory, and business-specific expertise.”
Litigation – Band 4 “WKB lawyers provided very solid and clear advice on a number of interrelated matters under tight time constraints.”
International & Cross-Border Capabilities – Band 4 “The lawyers are subject matter experts with an excellent understanding of the sector.”
Germany – Corporate/M&A – Spotlight (in both Poland and Germany) “The Warsaw-based team at WKB Lawyers has notable experience advising German clients on the Polish aspects of cross-border M&A transactions. It also assists with share purchase agreements, transactional due diligence, and W&I insurance. Anna Wojciechowska is a key contact for the firm’s German desk.”
This year’s recognitions particularly highlight the success of our Corporate/M&A team, which has been recognized in three categories:
In Poland, where the team was ranked for High-end Capability in Corporate/M&A and received a Spotlight ranking for Foreign Expertise: Germany.
In Germany, where the team was also recognised as Spotlight for Corporate/M&A, further confirming our reputation and expertise in handling transactions in this market.
We extend our sincere congratulations to all those recognized, and a special shout-out to Anita, who has been ranked for the first time this year.
On December 18, 2024, we hosted the ceremony for signing agreements with the laureates of the 2nd edition of the WKB scholarship program. The program, designed for law students from Ukraine and Belarus studying at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw, aims to support young individuals who demonstrate outstanding academic achievements, social engagement, and a commitment to democratic values.
This year, scholarships were awarded to three exceptional students: Elina Apanasevich, Olesia Yermak, and Arseni Radkevich. We are proud to support them in pursuing their educational ambitions and professional development.
The ceremony was attended by the dean of the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw, along with members of the UW Student Council, who have supported this program from the very beginning.
We look forward to recognising more outstanding students in the next edition and continuing to support them on their path to future success.
WKB Lawyers supported Lisner Holding sp. z o.o., part of the UTM Group (Unternehmensgruppe Theo Müller), in acquiring 100% of shares in Greenwich Investments sp. z o.o., a company controlling the Graal Group.
WKB lawyers provided comprehensive legal support at every stage of the transaction, starting from due diligence, through transaction structuring, obtaining merger clearance in proceedings before the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), which lasted 18 months, to negotiating and preparing transaction documentation.
Lisner is the leader of the Polish market in herring products, salads, and sandwich spreads. The company is part of the pan-European food group UTM, best known as the owner of the Müller dairy brand.
The Graal Group is the largest producer of canned fish in Poland. The company also produces marinated and frozen fish and is a leading producer of ready meals. Graal Group’s products are available in all major retail chains in Poland and in 38 countries worldwide.
The sellers were represented by Clifford Chance and Romanowski i Wspólnicy law firms.
We are pleased to share that WKB has been acknowledged in the latest IFLR1000 rankings. This year, we climbed to Tier 3 in Banking, reflecting our growing expertise in financial matters. Our strong presence in Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) at Tier 2 highlights our strategic approach to transactions. We continue to lead in Project Development at Tier 2 and maintain robust positions in Project Finance and Capital Markets: Debt at Tier 3.
We’re proud to see these results and we’re grateful to our incredible team, but what matters most is the trust our clients place in us. It’s their challenges that push us to innovate and reach new heights.
Arcus European Infrastructure Fund 3 SCSp has acquired a majority interest in FixMap, a Polish fibre-to-the-home business, with the company’s founder, Piotr Muszyński, retaining a minority stake and continuing on as CEO.
FixMap is a FTTH company in Poland which owns and manages 20 subsidiaries that are network operators and local internet service providers covering c. 270k homes passed with c. 100k homes connected throughout Poland.
Arcus Infrastructure Partners is an independent investment firm that focuses on mid-market infrastructure assets across Europe. The firm manages investments with an aggregate enterprise value of around €23 billion as of March 2024. Arcus specializes in sectors such as digital infrastructure, energy, transport, and logistics, emphasizing sustainable, long-term growth. The company operates primarily within European markets, with key offices located in London, Lisbon, Amsterdam, and Luxembourg.
Our congratulations to Piotr Muszyński and the entire FixMap team, especially Tomasz Karasiński, Anna Robak, Michał Moś, Piotr Srebniak and Monika Torbińska, on the successful transaction.
WKB acted as legal advisor to LCM Partners Limited (“LCM”) in relation to the proposed acquisition of 100% of the investment certificates in three Polish closed-end investment funds: Kredyt Inkaso I NFIZW, Kredyt Inkaso II NFIZW and Kredyt Inkaso III NFIZW (the “Funds”) from Kredyt Inkaso Portfolio Investments (Luxembourg) S.A. and Kredyt Inkaso S.A., including a portfolio of non-performing receivables to be transferred into one (or more) of the Funds from Kredyt Inkaso Portfolio Investments (Luxembourg) S.A. At this stage, LCM has conducted due diligence and entered into the Heads of Terms with Kredyt Inkaso S.A. The agreed-upon purchase price exceeds PLN 540m (and is subject to adjustments). This investment will be made by funds advised by LCM under its Credit Opportunities strategy.
LCM Partners is a leading European alternative investment fund manager that specializes in granular performing and non-performing credit. LCM Partners has been investing in Poland since 2016.
Kredyt Inkaso S.A. focuses its activities on investing in debt portfolios and servicing them at all stages of overdue debt. In addition, it provides debt management services to other financial entities under outsourcing. Since 2007, the company has been present on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The company conducts operations in markets of Central and Eastern Europe – cooperating with banks, insurance companies, telecommunications companies, loan companies, and other mass service providers.
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